امروز شنبه , 10 شهریور 1403
شنبه تا پنج شنبه - 9 صبح الی 20 عصر
دانلود مقاله : Pseudoreplication: a widespread problem in primate communication research 2013
![دانلود مقاله : Pseudoreplication: a widespread problem in primate communication research 2013](/content/productpic/243305e998950-1d82-4e83-b280-805364ce1974.png)
دانلود مقاله :
Pseudoreplication: a widespread problem in primate communication research 2013
نویسندگان :
B. M. Waller , L. Warmelink , K. Liebal , J. Micheletta , K. E. Slocombe
فرمت:pdf
چکیده :
Pseudoreplication (the pooling fallacy) is a widely acknowledged statistical error in the behavioural
sciences. Taking a large number of data points from a small number of animals creates a false impression
of a better representation of the population. Studies of communication may be particularly prone to
artificially inflating the data set in this way, as the unit of interest (the facial expression, the call or the
gesture) is a tempting unit of analysis. Primate communication studies (551) published in scientific
journals from 1960 to 2008 were examined for the simplest form of pseudoreplication (taking more than
one data point from each individual). Of the studies that used inferential statistics, 38% presented at least
one case of pseudoreplicated data. An additional 16% did not provide enough information to rule out
pseudoreplication. Generalized linear mixed models determined that one variable significantly increased
the likelihood of pseudoreplication: using observational methods. Actual sample size (number of animals)
and year of publication were not associated with pseudoreplication. The high prevalence of
pseudoreplication in the primate communication research articles, and the fact that there has been no
decline since key papers warned against pseudoreplication, demonstrates that the problem needs to be
more actively addressed